In situ time-zero correction for a ground penetrating radar monitoring system with 3000 antennas

Abstract The time-zero correction is an essential step in the data pre-processing of ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements to obtain accurate signal propagation time between transmitting and receiving antennas. For a novel custom GPR monitoring system with about 3000 antennas corresponding transceiver structures placed around soil sample (lysimeter), situ approach for required. In particular, unknown material properties any pair prevent conventional correction. We present compare two calibration approaches, namely pairwise mesh calibration, both utilizing ability conduct reciprocal enables individual antenna pair, whereas reduces influence pairs compared calibration. developed verified by mathematical model. Experimental results from simplified setup show that lysimeter filling has negligible impact onto based on adjacent addition, it shown state art can be used measure delays within analog circuit measurement accuracy ±4 ps. simulation indicate using concept, no prior air every possible combination necessary. Thus, this work provides crucial contribution towards automated 3D systems many